Uses of RadioisotopesIsotope Radiation
EmittedHalf-life Use Carbon-14 beta 5730 years radiometric dating:determination of age of
carbon-containing artifacts up to about 70,000 years also used as a biological tracer, for example,in
studies of photosynthesis
Naturally occurring radioisotopeChlorine-36 beta 301,000 years measurement of sources of chloride and
determining the age of water up to about
2 million years old
Naturally occurring radioisotopeLead-210 beta 22.3 years date layers of soil and sand deposited
upto about 80 years ago
Naturally occurring radioisotopeTritium beta 12.32 years measure the age of 'young' groundwater
upto about 30 years old
Naturally occurring radioisotope
Titriated water is used to study sewage
and liquid wastesPotassium-40 positron
emission1.26 billion years Potassium-Argon radiometric dating:
100 000 to several billion yearsRubidium-87 beta 48 billion years Rubidium-Strontium radiometric dating:
millions of yearsUranium/Lead U-238 alpha & gamma 4.5 x 109years radiometric dating:millions to billions
of yearsOxygen-18 stable biological tracer, for example,
in studies of photosynthesisSodium-24 beta,
gamma15 hours location of leaks in water pipes,
studies of body electrolytes
Isotope prepared in a nuclear reactorMagnesium-27 beta,
gamma9.5 minutes location of leaks in water pipes Potassium-42 beta &
alpha22 hours determination of exchanged potassium
in blood flow
Isotope prepared in a nuclear reactorChromium-51 alpha 27.7 days labelling of red blood cells & quantifying
gastro-intestinal protein loss
Isotope prepared in a nuclear reactorIron-59 beta,
gamma46.3 days in blood studies, when incorporated
into steel it is used to determine the
amount of friction in machineryCobalt-60 beta,
gamma5.3 years cancer treatment as tumour cells
tend to be more susceptible to radiation
than other cellsGallium-67 gamma 3.3 days tumour-seeking agent
Isotope prepared in a cyclotronKrypton-81 gamma 13 seconds
Isotope prepared in a cyclotronTechnetium-99 beta 6 hours Medical tracer used to locate brain
tumours and problems with the lungs,
thyroid, liver, spleen, kidney,
gall bladder,
skeleton, blood pool, bone marrow,
salivary & lacrimal glands & heart
blood pool
& to detect infection
Isotope prepared in a nuclear reactorIodine-131 beta,
gamma8.1 days Medical tracer to study & treat the
thyroid gland & used in the diagnosis
of adrenal medullary & for imaging s
uspected neural crest and other
endocrine tumours
Isotope prepared in a nuclear reactorIodine-123 gamma 13.2 hours used in imaging to monitor thyroid
function & detect adrenal dysfunction
Isotope prepared in a cyclotronYtterbium-169 gamma 3 days
Isotope prepared in a nuclear reactorUranium-235 alpha,
gamma7.1 x 108years enriched as a fuel for most nuclear reactors Plutonium-239 alpha,
gamma24 400 years fuel for most "fast-breeder" nuclear
reactorsAmericium-241 alpha 432 years domestic smoke alarms & neutron
gauging
Americium-241 is a decay product
of plutonium-241 formed in nuclear
reactors.Copper-64 gamma 12.7 hours studying genetic disease affecting
copper metabolism
Isotope prepared in a nuclear reactorIridium-192 beta 73.83 days supplied as a wire for use as an
internal radiography deviceMolybdenum-99 beta 66 hours used as the 'parent' in a generator
to produce technetium-99m,
the most widely used radioisotope
in nuclear medicine
Isotope prepared in a nuclear reactorPhosphorus-32 beta 14.28 days treatment of excess red blood cells
Isotope prepared in a nuclear reactorSamarium-153 beta 1.93 days used in the treatment of pain
associated with bony metastases
of primary tumours
Isotope prepared in a nuclear reactorYttrium-90 beta 64.1 hours liver cancer therapy
Isotope prepared in a nuclear reactorThallium-201 gamma 3 days locating damaged heart muscle
Isotope prepared in a cyclotronCaesium-137 beta 30.2 years radiotracing to identify sources
of soil erosion & depositing, also
used in thickness gaugingGold-198 beta 2.69 days trace factory waste causing ocean
pollution and to trace sand movement
in river beds and on ocean floorsGadolinium-153 gamma 240.4 days used in X-ray fluorescence and bone
density guages for osteoporosis
screeningZinc-65 gamma 244.26 days used to predict the behaviour of
heavy metals in effluents from mining
waste waterManganese-54 gamma 312.2 days used to predict the behaviour of
heavy metals in effluents from mining
waste water
Crystal Clock
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F2H is referring to our group members which are F for Fieza, H for Hajar and another H for Hidayah.
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